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The Internationale

  • Left-wing anthem
  • Written by Eugène Potter weeks before the crushing of the Paris Commune in 1871
  • He wrote it while hiding from the authorities as he hoped to flee to London
  • It was published in his 1887 collection “Chants Révolutionnaires”
  • It was the followers of Jules Guesde in the Socialist Party of France who adopted the song at the time of the Dreyfus Affair
  • In 1900 they presented it at the International Congress in Paris
  • The Dreyfus Affair began in 1894 and continued through to 1906. The controversy centred on Captain Alfred Dreyfus, who had been convicted for selling military secrets to the Germans. At the time the public supported the conviction as Alfred was a Jew and many anti-Semitic newspapers ymbolized him as disloyal. The novelist Emile Zola protested against the verdict and published a letter in a newspaper in which he attacked the military for their mistaken conviction of Dreyfus. This ended up splitting France into those who supported the conviction and those who did not. In August 1898 an important document implicating Dreyfus was found to be forgery. Then it was confessed that it was forged to strengthen the army’s position. Led by Radicals, a left-wing coalition was formed. Rousseau emerged as head of the cabinet with hope of settling the Dreyfus affair. A new court-martial convicted him guilty, but the president of the republic pardoned him in 1899.
  • The Bolsheviks adapted the song as their national anthem and but it was replaced in 1944 by Stalin
  • Anthem of those seeking fundamental change in society
  • It was banned in the fascist Spain regime under Francisco Franco
  • It became the international battle cry of the world’s working class
  • “Arise, you condemned of the earth! Arise, you condemned in hunger” – these are the words of condemnation against injustice and exploitation of capitalism
  • It has been translated across the world and rewritten to suit the competing factions of the “Left”

http://worldaccordion.tripod.com/internationale.html

http://www.britannica.com/Ebchecked/topic/171538/Dreyfus-affair

Guantanamera

  • Originally started out as a poem written by the Cuban writer Jose Marti. The poem is about a girl from Guantanamo and was written from the point of view of a Cuban revolutionary.
  • Pete Seeger heard the song by Hector Angulo, who was singing it at the time of the Cuban Missile Crisis and Seeger adapted it in honour of Marti and made the song part of the peace movement
  • The Sandpipers, in 1966, recorded a version of this hit and it was #7 in the UK and #9 in the US
  • Part of the patriotic Cuban national anthem
  • Pete would encourage his audience to sing in Spanish as he believed America was a sort of bilingual country and it became an anthem for immigrants, Cuban or otherwise

http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin-notas/5885570/guantanamera-pete-seeger-latin-music-legacy

Jose Marti

  • National hero of Cuba
  • Political activist, port, revolutionary, journalist, college professor of literature and a consul
  • Born in Cuba in 1853 when Cuba was part of Spain
  • He completed a B.A. Honours in Law and Philosophy
  • Later one he wrote many poems, books and newspaper articles and became politically active
  • Got into political trouble for his writings and so travelled a lot- Cuba, Venezuela, Guatemala, and New York from 1883 to 1895
  • He did not want Cuba to be annexed to the U.S. and in 1892 founded the Cuban Liberation Party
  • He fought for Latin American unity against U.S. imperialism
  • In 1895, at the age of 42, he helped launch an invasion of Cuba for Cuban independence
  • He was shot and killed by Spanish forces
  • He is considered one of the great writers of the Hispanic world
  • He devoted his life to end Spanish colonial rule in Cuba and to prevent Cuba falling under control to any other country
  • His writings condemn despotic regimes and the abridgement of human rights

Art of Social Justice

The demand for social change can be expressed in many ways and we put the arts at the heart of Journey to Justice, knowing the power of art, music, dance, literature and film to change minds and inspire action. For examples of the art of social justice please see here or click on the image below, with thanks to Shijia Yu 

artofsocialjustice

 

Civil rights movement  – resources and links 

With huge thanks to Dr Emma Folwell

 

SCLC

Branch, Taylor, Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954–63, (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988)

Fairclough, A., To redeem the soul of America: the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and Martin Luther King, Jr., (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987)

Garrow, David J., Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, (New York: Vintage Books, 1988)

Leventhal, W. S., The SCOPE of freedom: the leadership of Hosea Williams with Dr. King’s summer ’65 student volunteers, (Montgomery: Challenge Pub., 2005)

Peake, T. R., Keeping the dream alive: a history of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference from King to the nineteen-eighties, (New York: P. Lang, 1987)

Weisbrot, R., Marching toward freedom, 1957-1965: from the founding of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to the assassination of Malcolm X, (New York: Chelsa House, 1994)

Southern Christian Leadership Conference biography, King Encyclopaedia, The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute, Stanford University, http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_southern_christian_leadership_conference_sclc/

Primary sources relating to the SCLC, Civil Rights Movement Veterans, http://www.crmvet.org/docs/orgsdocs.htm#docssclc

SCLC website, http://sclcnational.org

FBI Records on SCLC, FBI Vault, http://vault.fbi.gov/southern-christian-leadership-convention

Article reprinted from Soul Force, the journal of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 31 March 1968 discussing the foundation of SCLC, led by Martin Luther King, Jr., Victoria Gray Adams Papers, Digital Collections – McCain Library and Archives, University of Southern Mississippi, http://digilib.usm.edu/cdm/ref/collection/manu/id/179

Bayard Rustin

Anderson, J., Bayard Rustin: troubles I’ve seen: a biography, (Berkeley, 1998)

D’Emilio, J., Lost prophet: the life and times of Bayard Rustin, (New York, 2003)

Haskins, J., Bayard Rustin: behind the scenes of the civil rights movement, (New York, 1997)

Levine, D., Bayard Rustin and the civil rights movement, (New Brunswick, N.J., 2000)

Podair, J. E., Bayard Rustin: American dreamer, (Lanham, 2009)

Rustin, B., and M. G. Long, I must resist: Bayard Rustin’s life in letters, (San Francisco, 2012)

FBI records on Bayard Rustin, FBI Vault, http://vault.fbi.gov/bayard-rustin

Bayard Rustin biography, King Encyclopaedia, The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute, Stanford University, http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_rustin_bayard_1910_1987/

Memo from Bayard Rustin to Martin Luther King Jr., 10 May 1957, The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute, Stanford University, http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/documentsentry/from_bayard_rustin/

Memo from Bayard Rustin to Martin Luther King Jr., 23 December 1956, The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute, Stanford University, http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/documentsentry/from_bayard_rustin_23_dec_1956/

Biography and links to primary sources relating to Rustin, Civil Rights Digital Library, University of Georgia, http://crdl.usg.edu/people/r/rustin_bayard_1912_1987/

Birmingham Campaign

De Schweinitz, R., If we could change the world: young people and America’s long struggle for racial equality, (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009)

Eskew, G. T., But for Birmingham: The Local and National Movements in the Civil Rights Struggle, (Chapel Hill and London, 1997)

Garrow, D. K., Birmingham, Alabama, 1956-1963: the Black struggle for civil rights, (Brooklyn: 1989)

Jimerson, R. C., Shattered glass in Birmingham: my family’s fight for civil rights, 1961-1964, (Baton Rouge: 2014)

King, Martin Luther, Jr., Why We Can’t Wait, (New York: Harper & Row, 1964)

McKinstry, C. M. and D. George, While the world watched: a Birmingham bombing survivor comes of age during the civil rights movement, (Carol Stream, 2011)

McWhorter, D., Carry me home: Birmingham, Alabama, the climactic battle of the civil rights revolution, (New York, 2001)

Mills Thornton, J., Dividing lines: municipal politics and the struggle for civil rights in Montgomery, Birmingham, and Selma, (Tuscaloosa: 2002)

Wilson, B. M., Race and place in Birmingham: the civil rights and neighborhood movements, (Lanham: 2000)

Birmingham Children’s Crusade, King Encyclopaedia, The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute, Stanford University, http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_childrens_crusade/

1963 Birmingham Campaign, King Encyclopaedia, The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute, Stanford University, http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_birmingham_campaign/

Timeline and primary sources relating to Birmingham Children’s Crusade, Civil Rights Movement Veterans, http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis63.htm#1963bham

Primary sources relating to Birmingham, Alabama, Civil Rights Digital Library, University of Georgia, http://crdl.usg.edu/places/alabama/birmingham_ala/

‘Birmingham: People in Motion’, Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights, Civil Rights Movement Veterans, http://www.crmvet.org/info/bham_pim.pdf

‘Letter from a Birmingham Jail’, Martin Luther King, Jr., http://www.crmvet.org/docs/bhamlbj.htm

‘WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Malcolm X condemning the federal government for not protecting African commenting on violence in Birmingham, Alabama’, 16 May 1963, Civil Rights Digital Library, University of Georgia, http://crdl.usg.edu/do:ugabma_wsbn_36514

Rev. Shuttlesworth

Manis, A., A Fire You Can’t Put Out: The Civil Rights Life of Birmingham’s Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth, (Tuscaloosa: 1999)

Manis, A. and White, M. L., Birmingham revolutionaries: the Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth and the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights, (Macon: 2000)

Interview with Fred Shuttlesworth, 9 August 1984 by Marcie Stillman, University of Alabama, http://purl.lib.ua.edu/54341

Interview with Fred Shuttlesworth, by Andrew Manis, Andrew M. Manis Oral History Interviews, Birmingham Public Library, http://cdm16044.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15099coll2/id/81

Interview with Fred Shuttlesworth, by Andrew Manis, 28 October 1988, Andrew M. Manis Oral History Interviews, Birmingham Public Library, http://cdm16044.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p15099coll2/id/84/rec/5

Interview with Fred Shuttlesworth, by Andrew Manis, 13 January 1989, Andrew M. Manis Oral History Interviews, Birmingham Public Library, http://cdm16044.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p15099coll2/id/68/rec/8

Telegram from Martin Luther King to Fred Shuttlesworth, 4 November 1965, The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute, Stanford University, http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/documentsentry/telegram_from_king_to_fred_shuttlesworth_jr/

Fred Shuttlesworth biography, King Encyclopaedia, The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute, Stanford University, http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_shuttlesworth_fred_1922/

Brief biography and links to primary sources relating to Fred Shuttlesworth, Civil Rights Digital Library, University of Georgia, http://crdl.usg.edu/people/s/shuttlesworth_fred_l_1922_2011/

WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth reading the terms of a demonstration-ending agreement between African American civil rights demonstrators and white leaders in Birmingham, Alabama, 10 May 1963, Civil Rights Digital Library, University of Georgia, http://crdl.usg.edu/do:ugabma_wsbn_40100


SNCC

Carmichael, S. and M. Thelwell, Ready for revolution: the life and struggles of Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture), (New York: Scribner, 2003)

Carson, C., In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981)

Forman, J., The Making of Black Revolutionaries, (New York: Macmillan, 1972)

Greenberg, C. K., A circle of Trust: remembering SNCC, (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1998)

Hogan, W. C., Many Minds, One Heart: SNCC’s Dream for a New America, (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007)

Holsaert, F. S., (ed.) Hands on the freedom plow: personal accounts by women in SNCC, (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2010)

Kirk, J. A. and J. J. Wallach, Arsnick: the student nonviolent coordinating committee in Arkansas, (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2011)

Lewis, J. with M. D’orso, Walking With the Wind: a memoir of the movement, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998)

Morgan, I. W., and P. Davies, From sit-incs to SNCC: the student civil rights movement in the 1960s, (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2012)

Sellers, C., and R. L. Terrell, The river of no return: the autobiography of a black militant and the life and death of SNCC, (New York: Morrow, 1973)

Stoper, E., The Student Nonviolent coordinating Committee: the growth of radicalism in a civil rights organization, (Brooklyn: Carlson Pub, 1989)

Zinn, H., SNCC: The New Abolitionists, (Boston: Beacon Press, 1964)

Documents relating to SNCC, Civil Rights Movement Veterans, http://www.crmvet.org/docs/orgsdocs.htm#docssncc

Background information on SNCC, King Encyclopaedia, The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute, Stanford University, http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_student_nonviolent_coordinating_committee_sncc/

The SNCC Legacy Project, http://www.sncclegacyproject.org/

Brief Biography and links to archival repositories relating to Stokely Carmichael, Civil Rights Digital Library, University of Georgia,http://crdl.usg.edu/people/c/carmichael_stokely/

FBI files relating to Stokely Carmichael, FBI Vault, http://vault.fbi.gov/Stokely%20Carmichael

Six years of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, http://www.ibiblio.org/sncc/index.html

Department of Defense. “Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).” 1967, http://www.aavw.org/protest/carmichael_sncc_abstract06_full.html

Ella Baker

Bohannon, L. F., Freedom cannot rest: Ella Baker and the Civil Rights Movement, (Greenboro: Morgan Reynolds Pub., 2005)

Grant, J., Ella Baker: Freedom Bound, (New York: Wiley, 1998)

Moye, J. T., Ella Baker: community organizer of the Civil Rights Movement, (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2013)

Ransby, B., Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement: a radical democratic vision, (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003)

Oral History Interview with Ella Baker, 19 April 1977, Interview G-0008, Southern Oral History Program Collection (#4007), http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/G-0008/menu.html

Oral History Interview with Ella Baker, 4 September 1974, Interview G-0007, Southern Oral History Program Collection (#4007), http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/G-0007/menu.html

Brief biography and list of primary sources relating to Ella Baker, Civil Rights Digital Library, University of Georgia, http://crdl.usg.edu/people/b/baker_ella_1903_1986/

Letter from Ella J. Baker to Martin Luther King, Kr., and Ralph Abernathy, 23 March 1960, The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute, Stanford University, http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/documentsentry/letter_from_ella_baker_to_martin_luther_king_jr_and_ralph_abernathy/

Brief biography of Ella Baker, King Encyclopaedia, Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute, Stanford University, http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/kingweb/about_king/encyclopedia/baker_ella.htm

 

Diane Nash

Mullins, L., Diane Nash: the fire of the Civil Rights Movement – a biography, (Miami, Barnhardt & Ashe Pub., 2007)

Brief biography of Diane Nash, King Encyclopaedia, Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute, Stanford University, http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/kingweb/about_king/encyclopedia/nash_diane.htm

Interview with Diane Nash, 12 November 1985, Eyes on the Prize: America’s Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965, Washington University Film and Media Archive, Henry Hampton Collection, http://digital.wustl.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=eop;cc=eop;rgn=main;view=text;idno=nas0015.0267.075

List of primary sources relating to Diane Nash, Civil Rights Digital Library, University of Georgia, http://crdl.usg.edu/people/n/nash_diane_1938/

Economic Justice

Ashmore, S. Y., Carry it on: the war on poverty and the civil rights movement in Alabama, 1964-1972, (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2008)

Carter, D. M., The Music has gone out of the movement: civil rights and the Johnson administration, 1965-1968, (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 2009)

Clayson, W. S., Freedom is not enough: the war on poverty and the civil rights movement in Texas, (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2010)

Freeman, R., In the mule train: a journey of hope remembered, (Rutledge Hill Press: 1998)

Jackson, T. F., From Civil Rights to Human Rights: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Struggle for Economic Justice, (University of Pennsylvania Press: 2006)

King, Martin Luther, Jr., Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community?, (Boston: Beacon Press, 1968)

Kornbluh, F. A., The battle for welfare rights: politics and poverty in modern America, (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007)

Lackey, H. L., Marks Mississippi, Martin Luther King, and the Origin of the 1968 Poor People’s campaign Mule Train, (Town Square books: 1999)

McKnight, G., The last crusade: Martin Luther King, Jr., the FBI and the Poor People’s Campaign, (Boulder: Westview Press, 1998)

Nadasen, P., Welfare Warriors: the welfare rights movement in the United States, (New York: Routledge, 2005)

Orleck, A., Storming Caesars Palace: how black mothers fought their own war on poverty, (Boston: Beacon Press, 2005)

Piven, F. F., and R. A., Cloward, Poor People’s Movements: why they succeed, how they fail, (New York: Vintage Books, 1979)

Triece, M. E., Tell it like it is: women in the national welfare rights movement, (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2013)

Links to a number of archival repositories containing sources relating to economic justice, Civil Rights Digital Library, University of Georgia, http://crdl.usg.edu/topics/economic_justice/

Brief outline and links to primary sources relating to the Poor People’s Campaign, Civil Rights Digital Library, University of Georgia, http://crdl.usg.edu/events/poor_peoples_campaign/

Biography of the Poor People’s Campaign, King Encyclopaedia, Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute, Stanford University, http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_poor_peoples_campaign/

‘Information about the National Welfare Rights Organization’ Pamphlet, The King Center Digital Archive, http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/document/information-national-welfare-rights-organization

‘The Second Phase of Civil Rights: Photographs of the 1968 Poor People’s Campaign’, George Mason University Libraries’ Special Collections & Archives blog, http://vault217.gmu.edu/?p=1623

Documents From Poverty & Economic Justice Projects, 1964-68, Civil Rights Veterans, http://www.crmvet.org/docs/mfludocs.htm

Documents from the Poor People’s Campaign, Civil Rights Veterans, http://www.crmvet.org/docs/ppcdocs.htm

Documents from Economic Justice Organizations, Civil Rights Veterans, http://www.crmvet.org/docs/orgsdocs.htm#docseco

Memphis Sanitation Workers strike, 1968

Beifuss, J. T., At the river I stand: Memphis, the 1968 strike and Martin Luther King, (Brooklyn: Carlson Pub., 1985)

Green, L. B., Battling the plantation mentality: Memphis and the Black freedom struggle, (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007)

Honey, M. K., Going down Jericho Road: the Memphis Strike, Martin Luther King’s last campaign, (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 2007)

AFSCME and Martin Luther King, Jr., AFSCME website, http://www.afscme.org/union/history/mlk

Brief background and links to primary sources relating to the Memphis Sanitation Workers strike 1968, Civil Rights Digital Library, University of Georgia, http://crdl.usg.edu/events/memphis_sanitation_strike/

Volunteer Voices, Tennessee Electronic Library, http://volunteervoices.org/ (contains the 1968 Memphis Sanitation Workers Strike Collection)

‘At the River I Stand’ (1994), Documentary on the Memphis Garbage Strike 1968, dir. David Appleby, Allison Graham and Steven Ross, http://newsreel.org/nav/title.asp?tc=CN0007

Overview of the events of the Memphis Sanitation Workers Strike, King Encyclopaedia, The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute, Stanford University, http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_memphis_sanitation_workers_strike_1968/

Emmett Till

Houck, D. W., and M. A. Grindy, Emmett Till and the Mississippi press, (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2008)

Hudson-Weems, C., Emmett Till: the sacrificial lamb of the civil rights movement, (Troy: Bedford Publishers, [2000], 1994)

Mace, D., In remembrance of Emmett Till: regional stories and media responses to the Black freedom struggle, (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2014)

Metress, C., The lynching of Emmett Till: a documentary narrative, (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2002)

The Emmett Till Case, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/civil_rights_emmett_till_case.html

FBI records on Emmett Till, FBI Vault, http://vault.fbi.gov/Emmett%20Till%20/

The Murder of Emmett Till, PBS: American Experience, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/till/

The Untold Story of Emmett Till, http://www.emmetttillstory.com/

The Emmett Till Murder, http://www.emmetttillmurder.com/

Metress, C., “They Stand Accused”: James L. Hicks’s Investigations in Sumner Mississippi, September 1955 from The Lynching of Emmett Till, A Documentary Narrative, http://www.archipelago.org/vol6-1/hicks.htm

Biography of Emmett Till, King Encyclopaedia, The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute, Stanford University, http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_till_emmett_louis_1941_1955/

Huie, W. B., ‘‘The Shocking Story of Approved Killing in Mississippi,’’ Look, 2, No. 2 (24 January 1956) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/till/sfeature/sf_look_confession.html

List of resources relating to Emmett Till, Civil Rights Digital Library, University of Georgia, http://crdl.usg.edu/people/t/till_emmett_1941_1955/

CORE

Farmer, J., Lay Bare the Heart: An Autobiography of the Civil Rights Movement, (New York: 1985)

Marshall, J. P., Student Activism and Civil Rights in Mississippi: Protest Politics and the Struggle for Racial Justice, 1960-1965, (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2013)

Meier, A., and E. Rudwick, CORE: A study in the Civil Rights Movement, 1942-1968, (New York: 1973)

Purnell, B., Fighting Jim Crow in the County of Kings: the Congress of Racial Equality in Brooklyn, (Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky, 2013)

Rabby, G. A., Pain and the Promise: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Tallahassee, Florida, (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1999)

Singler, J., Seattle in Black and white: the Congress of Racial Equality and the fight for equal opportunity, (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2011)

Oral history interview with James Farmer by Eugene Pfaff, 10 December 1981, Greensboro Voices Collection, Greensboro Public Library, http://libcdm1.uncg.edu/cdm/ref/collection/CivilRights/id/819

Biography of CORE, King Encyclopaedia, The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute, Stanford University, http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_congress_of_racial_equality_core/

Biography of James Farmer, King Encyclopaedia, The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute, Stanford University, http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_farmer_james_1920_1999/

James Robinson, Executive Secretary of Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) statement on the strategy of the sit-ins [1960], The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute, Stanford University, http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/documentsentry/the_meaning_of_the_sit_ins/

The CORE project, http://www.thecoreproject.org/

 

Freedom Rides

Arsenault, R., Freedom Rides: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006)

Catsam, D., Freedom’s main line: the journey of reconciliation and the Freedom Rides, (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2009)

Etheridge, E., R. Wilkins and D. McWhorter, Breach of peace: portraits of the 1961 Mississippi freedom riders, (New York: Atlas & Co., 2008)

Niven. D., The politics of injustice: the Kennedys, the freedom rides, and the electoral consequences of a moral compromise, (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2003)

Silver, C. R., Freedom rider diary: smuggled notes from Parchman Prison, (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2014)

FBI files on the Freedom Rides, FBI Vault, http://vault.fbi.gov/freedom-riders

Freedom Riders, PBS, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/freedomriders/

Freedom Riders Oral Histories, University of Mississippi Libraries Digital Collections – Archives and Special Collections, http://clio.lib.olemiss.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/freeriders

Overview and links to primary sources relating to the Freedom Rides, Civil Rights Digital Library, University of Georgia http://crdl.usg.edu/events/freedom_rides/

Documents relating to the 1961 Freedom Rides, Civil Rights Movement Veteran, http://www.crmvet.org/riders/frhome.htm

Voting Rights

Davison, C., and B. N. Grofman, (eds), Quiet Revolution in the South: The Impact of the Voting Rights Act, 1965-1990, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994)

Garrow, D. J., Protest at Selma: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, (Yale University Press, 2001)

Hudson, D. M., Along Racial Lines: Consequences of the 1965 Voting Rights Act, (Peter Lang Publishing, 1998)

LaFayette, B., and K. L. Johnson, In Peace and Freedom: My Journey in Selma, (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2013)

Parker, F. R., Black Votes Count: Political Empowerment in Mississippi After 1965, (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990)

Stanton, M., From Selma to Sorrow: Life and Death of Viola Luizzo, (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2000)

Vaughn, W., The Selma Campaign, 1963-1965, (Majority Press, 2006)

Documents from Selma Alabama, 1963-1965 and the March to Montgomery, 1965, Civil Rights Veterans, http://www.crmvet.org/docs/selmdocs.htm

Brief overview and links to resources relating to the Selma-Montgomery March, Civil Rights Digital Library, University of Georgia, http://crdl.usg.edu/events/selma_montgomery_march/

Overview of the Voting Rights Act, King Encyclopaedia, The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute, Stanford University, http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_voting_rights_act_1965/

Voting Rights Act (1965), http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=100